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CONSTRUCTION OF THE CHAIN

Two different sizes of roller chain, showing construction.
There are two types of links alternating in the bush roller chain. The first type is inner links, having two inner plates held together by two sleeves or bushings upon which rotate two rollers. Inner links alternate with the second type, the outer links, consisting of two outer plates held together by pins passing through the bushings of the inner links. The "bushingless" roller chain is similar in operation though not in construction; instead of separate bushings or sleeves holding the inner plates together, the plate has a tube stamped into it protruding from the hole which serves the same purpose. This has the advantage of removing one step in assembly of the chain.

Product Description
ISOChainNo.ANSIChainNo.PitchRollerDiameterWidthBetweenInnerPlatesPinPinLength
InnerPlalePlateUltimateTensileStrengthAverageTensileStrengthWeightPerMeter
Pd1maxb1minDiameterLmaxLcmaxDepthThicknessQminQoq
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
kNkg/m
C208AC204025.47.957.853.9616.617.8121.514.1/320516.70.5
C208ALC2042
15.88







0.84
C208AHC2040H25.47.957.853.9618.819.9122.0314.1/320517.20.65
C208B
25.48.517.754.4516.718.211.81.618.0/409119.40.55
C208BL

15.88







0.89
C210AC205031.7510.169.45.0820.722.2152.0322.2/504528.10.78
C210ALC2052
19.05







1.27
C212AC206038.1011.9112.575.9425.927.7182.4231.8/722736.81.12
C212ALC2062
22.23







1.61
C212AHC2060H38.1011.9112.575.9429.231.6183.2531.8/722741.61.44
C212AHLC2062H
22.23







2.07
C2I6AC208050.8015.8815.757.9232.736.5243.2556.7/1288665.72.08
C216ALC2082
28.58







3.12
C216AHC2080H50.8015.8815.757.9236.239.424456.7/12886702.54
C216AHLC2082H
28.58







3.58
C220AC210063.5019.0518.99.5340.444.730488.5/20114102.63.01
C220ALC2102
39.67







4.83
C220AHC2100H63.519.0518.99.5343.646.9304.8088.5/20114112.43.56
C220AHLC2102H
39.67







5.38
C224AC212076.2022.2325.2211.1050.354.335.74.80127.0/28864147.34.66
C224ALC2122
44.45







7.66
C224AHC2120H76.2022.2325.2211.1053.557.535.75.6127.0/28864160.95.26
C224AHLC2122H
44.45







8.26
C232AC2160101.628.5831.7514.2764.869.647.86.4226.8/51545278.98.15
C232ALC2I62
57.15







13
C232AHC2160H101.628.5831.7514.2768.27347.87.20226.8/51545285.89.06
C232AHLC2162H
57.15







13.84

WEAR

The effect of wear on a roller chain is to increase the pitch (spacing of the links), causing the chain to grow longer. Note that this is due to wear at the pivoting pins and bushes, not from actual stretching of the metal (as does happen to some flexible steel components such as the hand-brake cable of a motor vehicle).

With modern chains it is unusual for a chain (other than that of a bicycle) to wear until it breaks, since a worn chain leads to the rapid onset of wear on the teeth of the sprockets, with ultimate failure being the loss of all the teeth on the sprocket. The sprockets (in particular the smaller of the two) suffer a grinding motion that puts a characteristic hook shape into the driven face of the teeth. (This effect is made worse by a chain improperly tensioned, but is unavoidable no matter what care is taken). The worn teeth (and chain) no longer provides smooth transmission of power and this may become evident from the noise, the vibration or (in car engines using a timing chain) the variation in ignition timing seen with a timing light. Both sprockets and chain should be replaced in these cases, since a new chain on worn sprockets will not last long. However, in less severe cases it may be possible to save the larger of the two sprockets, since it is always the smaller one that suffers the most wear. Only in very light-weight applications such as a bicycle, or in extreme cases of improper tension, will the chain normally jump off the sprockets.

In industry, it is usual to monitor the movement of the chain tensioner (whether manual or automatic) or the exact length of a drive chain (one rule of thumb is to replace a roller chain which has elongated 3% on an adjustable drive or 1.5% on a fixed-center drive). A simpler method, particularly suitable for the cycle or motorcycle user, is to attempt to pull the chain away from the larger of the two sprockets, whilst ensuring the chain is taut. Any significant movement (e.g. making it possible to see through a gap) probably indicates a chain worn up to and beyond the limit. Sprocket damage will result if the problem is ignored. Sprocket wear cancels this effect, and may mask chain wear.


CHAIN STRENGTH

The most common measure of roller chain's strength is tensile strength. Tensile strength represents how much load a chain can withstand under a one-time load before breaking. Just as important as tensile strength is a chain's fatigue strength. The critical factors in a chain's fatigue strength is the quality of steel used to manufacture the chain, the heat treatment of the chain components, the quality of the pitch hole fabrication of the linkplates, and the type of shot plus the intensity of shot peen coverage on the linkplates. Other factors can include the thickness of the linkplates and the design (contour) of the linkplates. The rule of thumb for roller chain operating on a continuous drive is for the chain load to not exceed a mere 1/6 or 1/9 of the chain's tensile strength, depending on the type of master links used (press-fit vs. slip-fit). Roller chains operating on a continuous drive beyond these thresholds can and typically do fail prematurely via linkplate fatigue failure.


The standard minimum ultimate strength of the ANSI 29.1 steel chain is 12,500 x (pitch, in inches)2. X-ring and O-Ring chains greatly decrease wear by means of internal lubricants, increasing chain life. The internal lubrication is inserted by means of a vacuum when riveting the chain together.


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